%agtm( --
khàgatam
Welcome
1. Hearty welcome to all who wish
to learn s'S²tam( ‘saýskåtam’ which is one of
the most ancient languages of the world. The date of first work of the language
namely, veda" ‘vedàá’ is 5000 BC. (approx).
This language is world-famous and beautiful.
2. There are many language groups
in the world in which the Indo-European language group is the largest one. Sa'S²tam( ‘saýskåtam’ belongs to this
group. Modern North Indian languages have originated from this language.
3. s'S²tam( ‘saýskåtam’ is very rich in
vocabulary. The reason for this vast vocabulary is that this language was being
widely spoken in ancient India
4. That is why the literature of
this language is opulent. veda"
‘vedàá’, £pinzd(
‘Upaniûad’, ramay,m(
‘ràmàyaóam’, mha.aratm(
‘mahàbhàratam’ etc., are conceived in this language.
5. The word veda" ‘vedàá’ means Knowledge.
Ancient seers experienced inner truths of the world and they expressed this in
poetic language. Thus the veda"
‘vedàá’ were derived and the language was thought of at a divine level.
6. So in order to understand these
tekxts one has to study language patterns peculiar to the veda" ‘vedàá’. The word £pinzd( ‘Upaniûad’ means sitting near.
‘upaniûad’ conveyed the core of knowledge to the disciples who sat near a guru.
7. Next, we arrive at a classical
age in which the ramay,m( ‘ràmàyaóam’ and mha.aratm( ‘mahàbhàratam’ were conceived.
The style of these epics is very much polished and neat. The person who studies
both can master Sanskrit.
8. s'S²tam( ‘saýskåtam’ abounds in
stories, long poems, scientific literature, dramas, attractive couplets,
morals, dictionaries, grammar, philosophy, religion and even encyclopedias.
9. The study of Sanskrit opens the
doors for the study of linguistics, indology, comparative religion an so on.
Sanskrit is still being used for creating literature in India
10. Presently translations from
other languages are being made. For example “As you like it” by Shakespeare is
translated to Sanskrit. Rubaiyath, a famous poem in Arabic by Omar Khayyam has
also been translated to Sanskrit.
11. New novels and short stories
are now being written in Sanskrit. Doctorate students in Sanskrit are required
to write their thesis in language. News is also broadcast in Sanskrit in India
12. Sanskrit is a modern as well as
an ancient language. Therefore the student of this language should be very
proud of the fact that he is not only studying an orthodox language but also a
modern language.
13. Let us now learn a little about
this “language of the Gods”. sur.art¢ ‘surabhàratì’
Alphabet Introduction
The
script of Sanskrit language is called devanàgarì. In ancient times, it is the
script which was used in Northern part of India India India
In
the course of time Devanàgarì became a major medium for writing Sanskrit. Devah
means Gods, nagarì means the city. It mostly conveys that this script is from
the city of Gods
Samskrtam
Language belongs to the Indo-European languages like English, Latin, Greek
etc., belong to the same family.
In
the Indo-European family, Sanskrit belongs to a branch called Indo-Iranian.
Persian is another member of this branch. The word Sam-S-Kåta means well
polished and neat.
Even
though the language was widely spoken in ancient India
Svaraá
(vowel) means an alphabet that is independently uttured. Without the help of
the inner parts of the mouth, vowels flow with ease. Hence the are ‘svaras’.
Vyañjanam
means contact. An alphabet which can be pronounced only with the contact of the
tongue with the inner parts of the mouth is called ‘vyañjana’. They are of two
kinds : vargìya vyañjanàni (grouped consonant) avargìya vyañjanàni (Un-grouped
consonants).
Twenty
five alphabet from k to m are caleed ‘grouped consonants’.
Whereas eight alphabets from y to h are called ‘un-grouped consonants’.
Ayogavàhau
Aý
dan aá
Aý
disebut anusvàraá
Aá
disebut visargaá
Yogavàha
means ‘belongs to’.
A-yogavàha
means ‘not belongs to’.
Neither
Anusvàra nor Visarga belong to a group of Vowels or Consonants.
Actuallay
these are pronounciation peculiarities. These do not have value of Vowels or
Consonants. Hence the are called A-yogavàhàs.
The
interesting thing is sometimes the are called yogavàhàs. The reason behind this
is very simple. Both of them cannot be pronounced without the help of either a
Vowel or Consonant. They always have contact with the other alphabets. Hence
they are ‘yogavàhàs’.
Basic grammar for
beginners
gj" Gajaá masculine
Aj" Ajaá
m
ram
Ràma m
s¢ta
Sìtà f
llna
Lalanà
f
vnm(
Vanam neuter
k¦summ(
Kusumam n
balk" Bàlakaá m
tä," Taruóaá m
s" Saá m
tO
Tau m
te
Te m
Ez" Eûaá m
EtO
Etau m
Ete
Ete m
sa
Sà f
ta" Tàá f
tt(
Tat n
te
Te n
tain
Tàni n
Vocabulary
Ah' Ahaý
I same gender
Aava' Àvàý we, both same gender
vy' Vayaý us same gender
Tv' Tvaý you same gender
yuva' Yuvàý you, both same gender
yUy' Yùyaý you same gender
Ett(
Etat this neuter
Ete
Ete these two n
Etain
Etàni these n
Eza
Eûà this f
Ete
Ete these two f
Eta" Etàá these f
k" Kaá who (s) m
kO
Kau who (d) m
kw
Ke who (p) m
ka
Kà who (s) f
kw
Ke who (d) f
ka" Kàá who (p) f
ik' Kiý what
(s) n
kw
Ke what (d) n
kain
Kàni what (p) n
Pronouns
Pronouns are alternate nouns.
They are actually adjective forms of nouns. There is a peculiarity in Sanskrit
pronouns. Some case endings of the pronouns differ from that of nouns.
Based on this fact these words
are called Sarvanàmàs in Sanskrit. Some of the pronouns in Sanskrit cannot be
regarded as pronouns in English. In Sanskrit there are 35 Pronouns. They are
classified under 6 categories as in English.
Some important and commonly
used pronouns are:
1. Asmad – (I)
2. Yuûmad – (You)
3. Bhavat - (Your honour) are called personal
pronouns.
4. Kim – (who) is called interrogative pronoun.
5. Tad – (that)
6. Etad – (this)
7. Adas – (that)
8. Idam – (this) are called demonstrative pronouns. Although the
demonstrative pronouns like (tad) – (that), (etad) – (this), (adas) – (that),
(idam) – (this) are similar in meaning, there is a slight difference in usage
depending on the proximity of the person or the object.
The
pronoun (tad) – (that) is to be used when the person or thing is far away.
(etad)
– (this) is to be used when the person or thing is nearer.
s" – saá – ‘He’ ‘that’
This
is the third person masculine singular pronoun form of tad (tad). This is a
demonstrative pronoun.
Ex.:
s" ram" saá
ràmaá – he is ràma
Different
forms of pronoun (tad) in different numbers in masculine gender.
Singular dual plural
Saá tau te
SENTENCE
s" gj" Saá gajaá - That is an
elephant
s" Aj" Saá ajaá - That is a goat
s" balk" Saá
bàlakaá - He is a
Boy
sa
Sà
– ‘she’ ‘that’
This is the third person
feminine singular pronoun form of (tad). This is a demonstrative pronoun.
Ex. sa s¢ta Sà
sìtà - She is sìtà
Different forms of pronoun
(tad) in different numbers in feminine gender.
Singular dual plural
Sà te sàá
tt(
s Tat – ‘that’
This is the third person neuter
singular pronoun form of (tad). This is a demonstrative pronoun.
Ex. Tat vanam
That is a forest.
Different forms of pronoun
(tad) in different numbers in neuter gender.
Singular dual plural
Tat te tàni
Ez" Eûaá – ‘this’
This is the third person
masculine singular pronoun form of (etad). This is a demonstrative pronoun.
Ex. Ez" tä," Eûaá
taruóaá
This is a young man.
Different form of pronoun
(etad) in different numbers in masculine gender.
Singular dual plural
Eûaá etau ete
Eza Eûà – ‘this’
This is the third person
feminine singular pronoun form of (etad). This is a demonstrative pronoun.
Ex. Eza
llna Eûà lalanà This
is a lady
Different forms of pronoun
(etad) in different numbers in feminine gender.
Singular dual plural
Eûà ete etàá
Ett(
Etat
– ‘this’
This is the third person neuter
singular pronoun form of (etad). This is a demonstrative pronoun.
Ex. Ett(
k¦summ( Etat
kusumam - This is a flower
Different forms of pronoun
(etad) in different numbers in neuter gender.
Singular dual plural
Etat ete etàni
Tv' Tvaý
– ‘you’
This is the second person
singular pronoun form of (etad). This is a personal pronoun.
The second an first person
personal pronouns form are the same in all genders.
Ex. Tv' balk" Tvaý
bàlakaá - You are a boy.
Different forms of pronoun
(tad) in different numbers.
Singular dual plural
Tvaý yuvàý yùyaý
Ah' Ahaý
– ‘I’
This is the first person
singular personal pronoun.
This is the first person
singular pronoun form of (tad). This is a personal pronoun.
Ex. Ah' balk" Ahaý
bàlakaá - I am a boy
Different forms of pronoun
(tad) in different numbers.
Singular dual plural
Ahaý àvàý vayaý
k" Kaá
– ‘who’
This is the masculine
interrogative singular pronoun form of (kiý).
Ex. s" k" Saá
kaá - Who is he?
Different forms of masculine
interrogative pronoun (kiý) in different numbers.
Singular dual plural
Kaá kau ke
Ka
Kà
– ‘who’
This is the feminine
interrogative singular pronoun form of (kiý).
Ex. sa
ka Sà
kà? - Who is she?
Different forms of feminine
interrogative pronoun (kiý) in different numbers.
Singular dual plural
Kà ke kàá
ik' Kiý
– ‘what’
This is the neuter
interrogative singular pronoun form of (kiý).
Ex. Etet(
ik' Etet
kiý? - What is this.
Different forms of feminine
interrogative pronoun (kiý) in different numbers.
Singular dual plural
Kà ke kàá
INTEROGATIVES:
Based on the context there are
different types of interrogatives. In Sanskrit, interrogatives can be used
anywhere in the sentence. It may be used in the beginning, middle or at the end
of a sentence.
Ex.
ik' tSy nam/eym( Kiý tasya nàmadheyam
tSy
nam/ey' ikm( Tasya nàmadheyaý kim
tSy
ik' nam/eym( Tasya
kiý nàmadheyam
What is his name?
Some of the commonly used
interrogative pronouns are:
Beberapa kataganti bentuk tanya yang umum digunakan adalah:
Kiý - which thing, what - hal yang, apa
Kaá - who (m) -
siapa (m)
Kà - who (f) -
siapa (f)
Kasya - whose -
siapa
Kutra - where -
dimana
Kadà - when -
kapan
Ex.
Kiý tasya nàmadheyam
What is his name?
Saá kaá? Saá gopàlaá
Who is he? He is gopala
Idaý kasya pustakam
Whose book is this?
Idaý ràmasya pustakam
This is ràma’s book
Tvaý kutra vasasi?
Where do you live?
Tvaý kadà paþhasi?
When do you read?
VOCABULARY
Devanagarì Sansekerta English
tSy Tasya his
nam/ey' Nàmadheyaý name
gopal" Gopàlaá gopala
—dm( Idam this
puStkm( Pustakam book
ramSy Ràmasya ràma’s
nUtn' Nùtanaý new
g*h' Gåham house
loiht" Lohitaá red
ëeta Úvetà white
ixla Úilà rock
p$" Paþaá cloth
xala Úàlà school
suNdr" Sundaraá beautiful
bal" Bàlaá boy
ADJECTIVES:
Adjective specifies or
qualifies the object qualified (noun). The adjective is used in the same
gender, number and the case of the noun which it qualities.
Ex.
Nùtanaý gåham - New house
Gåham is a neuter gender word
and hence the adjective is also in neuter gender.
Ex.
Nùtanaá paþaá - New cloth
Paþaá is a masculine gender
word, hence the adjective is also in masculine gender.
Ex.
Nùtanà úàlà - New school
(úàlà) is a feminine gender
word, hence the adjective is also in feminine gender.
Ex.
Sundaraá bàlaá - Beautiful boy
The noun bàlaá is a masculine
gender word, so a masculine gender adjective sùndaraá is used.
More examples:
Saá lohitaá paþaá - That is red
cloth
Sà úvetà úilà - That is white
rock
VOCABULARY
g[am' Gràmaý to
village neuter
surex" Sureúaá sureúaá
masculine
ic]' Citraý picture
neuter
=¢r' Kûìraý milk
neuter
xak' Úàkaý vegetable
masculine
puStk' Pustakaý book
neuter
p]' Patraý letter
neuter
xala' Úàlàý to
school feminine
bailka Bàlikà girls feminine
miNdr' Mandiraý to
temple neuter
^a]a" Chàtràá students
masculine
ivÛaly' Vidyàlayaý to
school masculine
VERBS:
The words which denote action
are called verbs. They are referred to as Dhatu (roots) in Sanskrit. There are
about 2000 roots in Sanskrit. They are classified under ten groups according to
their formations. These groups are called ‘Gaóas’.
The verbal inflection has six
tenses and four moods. Each conjugation in any tense has 3 persons and 3
numbers.
The tenses and moods are
technically called as lakàraá.
Hence there are 10 lakàraá in
Sanskrit.
Present tense represented by
‘laþ lakàraá’
Past tense represented by ‘laò
lakàraá’
Future tense represented by
‘låþ lakàraá’
Eg. Root paþ – to read –
present tense
III Person number
Root + stopping letter + Suffix
= verb
Paþ a ti paþati -S he/she is
reading
Paþ a taá paþataá -D they two are
reading
Paþ a anti paþanti -P they are reading
II Person
Paþ a si paþasi -S you are
reading
Paþ a thaá paþathaá -D you two are reading
Paþ a tha paþatha -P you are
reading
I Person
Paþ a mi paþàmi -S I am reading
Paþ a vaá paþàvaá -D we two are reading
Paþ a maá paþàmaá -P you are reading
Eg: Root paþ – to read – Past tense
Singular dual plural
III Person apaþhat apaþhatàm apaþhan
II Person apaþhaá apaþhatàm apaþhata
I Person apaþham apaþhàva apaþàma
Eg: Root paþ – to read – Future tense
Singular dual plural
III Person paþhiûyati paþhiûyataá paþhiûyanti
II Person paþhiûyasi paþhiûyathaá paþhiûyatha
I Person paþhiûyàmi paþhiûyàvaá paþhiûyàmaá
Following are some common verb
roots.
(Paþ) – read
(Vas) – dwell
(Cal
(Has) – laugh
(dhav) – run
(krìð) – play
(likh) – write
(nåt) – dance
(vand) – bow
(sev) – serve
(pac) – cook
(yaj) – worship
(pib) – drink
(nay) – carry
(gam) – go
(púy) – see
Example:
Root + stopping letter + Suffix
= verb
Krìð + a + ti = krìðati -plays
nåt + ya + ti = nåtyati -dances
likh + a + ti = likhati -writes
Sentence:
Ràmaá gràmaý gacchati - Ràma goes to village
Sureúaá citraý paúyati - Sureúa sees the
picture
Bàlakaá kûìraý pibati - Boy drinks milk
ahaý úàkaý nayàmi - I carry vegetable
ahaý pustakaý paþhami - I read book
ahaý patraý likhàmi - I write letter
Tvaý paúyasi - You see
Bàlakaá úàlàý gacchati - Boy goes to school
Bàlikà mandiraý gacchati - Girl goes to temple
Chàtràá vidyàlayaý gacchati - Students go to school
SUBHÀÛITÀNI
(well sayings)
sTy'
.[UyaiTp[y' .[UyaTn .[UyaTsTymip[ym( -
ip[y' c nan*t' .[Uyatez/mR" snatn" --1--
1.
satyaý bhrùyàt priyam bhrùyàt na bhrùyàt satyamapriyam,
priyaý ca nànåtaý bhrùyàt eûadharmaá
sanàtanaá.
Truth should be told but it should be palatable. A truth
which is unpalatable should not be told. A lie eventhough palatable should not
be told at all. This is the essence of our tradition.
sul.a"
puäza" lokw stst' ip[yvaidn" -
Aip[ySy c pQySy
vµa è[ota c dulR.a" --2--
2.
sulabhàá puruûàá loke satataý priyavàdinaá,
apriyasya ca pathyasya vaktà úrotà c durlabhàá.
In this world there are many people who talk pleasingly
always. But people who admonish sternly for the well being are rare and
listeners are rare too.
mat*vTpr
/arai, prd–Vyai, loîvt( -
AaTmvTsvR .Utezu
y" pXyit spi<@t" --3--
3.
màtåvat para dhàràói paradravyàói loûþhavat,
àtmavat sarva bhùteûu yaá paúyati sapaóðitaá.
The man who treats other’s wife as his mother and who
considers other’s money as naught and who sees himself in all the beings is the
true scholar.
yStu
s'crte dexaNyStu sevet pi<@tan( -
tSy ivStairta
bui×" tWlibNduirvaMbis --4--
4.
yastu saýcarate deúàn yastu seveta paóðitàn,
tasya vistàrità buddhiá tailabindurivàmbasi.
He who travels far and wide, and who is in the company of
intellectuals will find his intellect ever expanding like a drop of oil on
water.
/¢ra" xok" tirZyiNt l.Nte isi×muÑama' -
/¢rW" s'p[aPyte l+m¢" /WyR svR] sa/nm(
--5--
5.
dhìràá úokaá tariûyanti labhante siddhimuttamàý,
dhìraiá saýpràpyate lakûmìá dhairya sarvatra sàdhanam.
A brave man overcaomes sorrow, attains the highest success
in all his endeavour. He also acquires wealth by dint of his effort. Hence
courage is instrumental in attaining everything.
£Ñame c
=,' kopw" m?yme `i#kaÜy' -
A/meSyadhora]'
paipìemr,a'tk" --6--
6.
uttame ca kûaóaý kopaá madhyame ghaþhikàdvayaý,
adhamesyàdahoràtraý pàpiûþe maraóàýtakaá.
Ire in people of high morality will remain for a minute. In
the people of medium morality it remains for two minutes. In the people of low
morality it remains for a day. Whereas in people of lowest morality it remains
throughout his life.
vjãadip
k#orai, m*duin k¦sumadip -
lokoñaa,a'
ceta'is ko ih ivdatumhrit --7--
7.
vajràdapi kaþhoràói mådùni kusumàdapi,
lokottaràóàý cetàýsi ko hi vijñàtumarhati.
The minds of the great ones cannot be easily judged because
it is harder than diamond and softer than flowers.
yqaicÑa'
tqa vac" yqa vacStqai¹ya" -
icÑaevaci¹yaya'
c mhtamekäpta --8--
8.
yathàcittaý tathà vàcaá yathà vàcastathàkriyàá,
cittevàcakriyàyàý ca mahatàmekarupatà.
As is the mind so is the speech. The deeds are according to
the speech. The mind, speech and actions of the noble men are one and the same.
p[ar>yte n %lu iv`{ .yen
n¢cW" Aar>yiv`{ ivhta" ivrmiNt -
iv`{W" pun" punrip p[ithNymana"
p[r>ymuÑamjna" n pirTyjiNt --9--
9.
pràrabhyate na khalu vighna bhayena nìcaiá àrabhyavighna vihatàá
viramanti madyàá, vighnaiá punaá punarapi pratihanyamànàá pràrabhyamuttamajanàá
na parityajanti.
The people of lower category will not start the work at all
because of the obstacles. Where as the middle category people will start the
work and leave when the obstacle comes. But the people of upper category will
never leave the work in between what so ever the obstacle that will come in the
way and they will finish the work at any cost.
nai.zeko n
s'Skar" is'hSy i¹yte vne -
iv¹maijRt sTvSy
Svymev m*ge'd–ta --10--
10.
nàbhiûeko na saýskàraá siýhasya kriyate vane,
vikramàrjita satvasya svayameva mågeýdratà.
Nobody has crowned the lion in the forest formally as a
king. The lion has acquired this position by virtue of its power.
To becontiued :
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar